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| To send a message to a cell's DNA, TGF-ß proteins, which cannot
enter the cell, must first dock with receptors in the cell's outer
membrane. This action triggers the release of a chemical signal
that is picked up by Smad proteins in the cytoplasm and
transported into the nucleus. Delivery of the TGF-ß message can
be blocked by abnormally high levels of Sno or Ski proteins, a
problem that can result in the cell becoming cancerous.
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