BERKELEY, CA — China’s
refrigerator industry is the largest in the world. As such, it contributes
a significant share of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) into the
environment.
Now, an internationally funded, award-winning project to improve the
energy efficiency of Chinese refrigerators, developed by the Department of
Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, has received a green
light from the government of China and international funders, and is set
to start in early December.
The five-year program -- the CFC-Free Energy-Efficient Refrigerator
Project -- consists of a series of market-oriented measures for
manufacturers and consumers to encourage the production and consumption of
CFC-free energy-efficient refrigerators. It is expected to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions from China by a total of over 100 million tons of
carbon dioxide from 20 million households over the 15-year lifetime of the
new refrigerators. Also, because 80 percent of China's electricity is
generated by coal-burning plants, the benefits of the project will include
avoided emissions of other air pollutants.
“Refrigerator production in China jumped from 1.4 million units in
1985 to 10.6 million in 1998,” according to David Fridley, a researcher
in Berkeley Lab’s Environmental Energy Technologies Division, and
manager of the refrigerator project. “In 1985, only 7 percent of urban
households had refrigerators. By 1998, 76 percent had them, a 21 percent
annual growth rate. The average Chinese refrigerator uses 2.5
kilowatt-hours per liter of volume per year, compared to 1.5 kWh/l for
European refrigerators."
The Global Environmental Facility, through the United Nations
Development Program, has decided to fund $9.3 million of the $40 million
program to help the government of China transform its market for
refrigerators.
Berkeley Lab has been involved in the project since 1995 through the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), developing the market
transformation program based on the success of the first phase of the
project, which involved designing and testing CFC-free, energy-efficient
refrigerators. Fridley says that beyond his technical supervisory role,
the Laboratory will be involved in training and working with the State
Bureau of Technical Supervision as the new efficiency standards are
developed.
“Market transformation,” Fridley explains, “is the process of
shifting consumer demand for a product, in this case to a more
energy-efficient, environmentally benign product through voluntary,
market-based means such as technical assistance and training for
manufacturers, consumer education, and financial incentives to manufacture
and sell the more efficient product.”
Berkeley Lab has worked directly with cooperating U.S. and
international agencies such as the U.S. EPA, the United Nations
Development Program, the China State Environmental Protection
Administration and the former China National Council for Light Industry to
determine a comprehensive set of measures based on economic, policy, and
technical analysis.
“Collectively, we developed a technical training program for Chinese
refrigerator manufacturers interested in developing CFC-free, efficient
refrigerators; a financial incentive program to motivate manufacturers to
build the most efficient refrigerator possible; a dealer incentive program
to convince dealers to stock the new refrigerators; and a mass purchasing
program for Chinese government agencies that acquire refrigerators in
-bulk,” Fridley says.
Other new project activities will include a recycling buy-back pilot
program, revision of existing refrigerator efficiency standards, an
energy-efficiency labeling system, and an extensive nationwide consumer
education campaign.
In 1998, the refrigerator project was awarded an International Climate
Protection Award by the EPA.
“It is not widely known in the United States, but China has had an
energy-efficiency policy in place since the early 1980s,” says Mark
Levine, Environmental Energy Technologies Division Director and an advisor
to the Chinese government on energy efficiency. “The government of China
is committed to using energy more efficiently, and this has allowed the
economy to grow at nearly twice the rate of energy consumption.
“One effect of the increasing affluence in China is that
refrigerators are growing in size and consuming more energy," adds
Levine. "The Energy-Efficient Refrigerator Project will have a
significant, direct effect on reducing greenhouse gas and pollutant
emissions. We at Berkeley Lab are grateful to have the chance to work with
the people and government of China on this project, as well as on our
other projects in energy data analysis, appliance efficiency standards,
and technical advice on cogeneration plants.”
The refrigerator project began in 1989 when the EPA signed an agreement
with the government of China to assist in the elimination of CFCs from
refrigerators. Under the Montreal Protocol, most nations of the world
agreed to phase out the use of CFCs to protect the Earth’s ozone layer.
The success of the design phase of the project, in which a prototype model
of 40 percent greater efficiency was produced and tested, led to eventual
multilateral support for the new phase.
Major Chinese participants in the project have included the China State
Environmental Protection Administration, the State Administration for
Light Industry, the Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, and
domestic refrigerator manufacturers. Major U.S. participants have included
the EPA, the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Energy
Engineering, Underwriters Laboratories, and Berkeley Lab.
Berkeley Lab is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory located
in Berkeley, California. It conducts unclassified research and is managed
by the University of California.
|