The objective of this element is to identify and explore societal issues associated with NABIR. Major focus areas for BASIC research include: 1) identifying and prioritizing societal issues associated with bioremediation of metals and radionuclides in subsurface environments, particularly with strategies for immobilization in place; 2) fostering respect and collaboration between NABIR scientists and stakeholders; and 3) enhancing broad communication of NABIR research, including the development of education materials. BASIC is designed to provide information on issues that might influence the implementation of NABIR science and to involve NABIR scientists in discussions about the societal implications of their bioremediation research (see figure). The BASIC program may also provide an avenue for interaction between NABIR investigators and regulators to identify key issues and sensitivities involved in bioremediation strategies such as immobilization of metals and radionuclides in situ, as a means of long-term stewardship.