Development of innovative methods in support of the goals of the Science Elements is an important part of the NABIR program. Researchers are encouraged to identify areas where the science is currently limited by lack of appropriate analytical or field-usable technologies. Such innovations may provide a range of new methods—from development of cDNA-based microarrays for analysis of gene expression, to hand-held, antibody-based sensors of uranium species (see figure), to infrared geophysical tools.